Social Media Technology - 3441 Words

Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Risks of Social Media Technology in Business Enterprise 3 3.0 Productivity of Work by Using Social Media Technology 4 4.0 Social Media Technology as the Promotion and Marketing Strategy 5 5.0 Recommendations 6 6.0 Conclusion 8 References 9 Social Media Technology in Business Enterprise 1.0 Introduction Bhanot (2012) defined social media technology as the â€Å"media for social interaction that can be used in web based and mobile technologies†. In addition, web based and mobile technologies can make the communication into interactive conversation. The most popular social media among the users are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and so on. Besides, the†¦show more content†¦The behaviour of the workers and the managers to maximized profit can be changed with the use of social media technologies (Turban amp; Volonino, 2012). Social media technology can help organizations to maintain and improve competitiveness in the industry (Levin, Hansen, amp; Laverie, 2012). In addition, social media are use by wide area of business includes human resources, supply chain management, marketing and sales and others area that used social media technology (Turban amp; Volonino, 2012). The organizations also can use the social media technology to their marketing research plans. Now adays, many organizations have realized the usefulness of the social media technology in running their business and they try to adapt this new technology slowly. According to Andzulis et al. (2012), the Ford Motor had hired 40 employees that are social media practitioners to promote their new car model which is Ford Focus. The employees had been given opportunity to drive test the car and the video have been uploaded in Facebook and other social media website. 2.0 Risks of Social Media Technology in Business Enterprise The organizations or firms must understand the risk in using social media technology in their business. The risk using social media as a platform in business is greater than a business that uses traditional ways (Boz amp; Unal, 2011). There are manyShow MoreRelatedDigital Technology And Social Media Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesMore recently than in years past, digital technology and social media have grown to become a part of our everyday lives. The recent rise in those who own smartphones allows this everyday use of digital technology and social networking to be easier than ever before. At any time and any place, we have the ability to â€Å"socialize† with nearly anyone—even celebrities who have no idea most of us even exist. The continuous consumption of digital media has altered once personal face-to-face communicationRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Technology Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesNegative impacts Social media relies heavily on advanced communication and information technology that work seamlessly in the process of building and supporting technological literacy. A study conducted by Ahn (2011) stated that a person cannot be engaged in meaningful discussions and keep the use of technology without effectively developing advanced skills such as troubleshooting, information evaluation, mediated communication, and others that will all be connecting learners to valuable economicRead MoreSocial Media Network Technology 1310 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media Network Technology Paper The web is no longer a read only product, it now has the ability to be interactive and particpatory. Users are able to interact over the internet with each other with instant messaging and emails and use social networks to share news, videos, and photos with others, bringing people with common interest, opinions, and experiences together and closer. Some of the most popular social networks include Facebook, MySpace, and LinkedIn. Currently social networksRead MoreImpact Of Social Media On Technology1293 Words   |  6 PagesAugust 2015 Impact of social media and technology In today’s technological era, internet has engulfed each and every area of the world. Due to rapid changes in technology, people are becoming addicted toward social network and have tremendous affects and influence over the lives of many people. The debate about social networking has emerged all over the world. There are some who are against it but there are also a lot of people who are in favor of it. Since the advent of social networking sites suchRead MoreA Brief Note On Technology And Social Media952 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology and Social Media: Crucial to Society Social media is one of the most popular means of communication today. The general public uses social media to talk to loved ones, find long lost friends, and participate in online discussions. As technological capabilities have advanced over the years, so has the public’s reliance on social media. Debates have surfaced about whether the public is misusing social media. Many people are questioning whether social media is replacing human interactionRead MoreInformation Technology With Social Media Prospective Essay1891 Words   |  8 Pages Innovation in information technology with social media prospective When there is proven method of conducting business then there are horizons of innovation are alive all the time. The innovation and creative ideas provide a key role in driving both future as well as real-time success into the core strategies of International Food Group. Marketing is a particularly targeted out of these strategies in real terms. The use of technology at IFG aims to reach its customers in three new ways: ï  ¶ The companyRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On The Development Of Mobile Technology1385 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media Media Broadcast Marketing The increase of social media and the development of mobile technology in the last decade has been significant, which has transformed the communication strategies and especially with sharing the experiences and how information should be marketed to the target audience. According to Hollensen (2014), the selection of newspapers, web sites, and TV to be used for advertising (series of actions to reach goals) needs to be done (at the same time) with the developmentRead MoreSocial Media And Technology s Impacts On Youth2483 Words   |  10 PagesSocial Media and Technology’s Impacts on Youth There is no doubt that everyone has a cellphone these days. With these cellphones comes the access to the social media. You can go to a restaurant or store and you will see everyone from a toddler to an elder glued to some kind of technology in front of them. Because this has become so normal to our generation, most are too occupied to the technology to realize how they are being affected by it. Everyone is using it daily, all day, causing it to impactRead MoreThe Impact Of New Social Media Technology On Young People1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of new social media technologies on young people OBSTRACT How the new social media technologies’ impacting on young people in today’s society? The study will examine the positive and negative impact of new media technologies on young people. It will explores on how new media technologies such as computer games, video games, face book, television, twitter, mobile phones, you tube, internet, television, whatsApp, Viber, Snap chat, and other modern technology are playing major role onRead MoreSocial Media And Technology : A Exciting Journey Through The World Wide Web955 Words   |  4 Pages Social media and technology are an incredible enhancement of the modern world. If properly balanced and educated, embracing these technologies is a rewarding and exciting journey through the World Wide Web. 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Gender Inequalities in Victorian England Robert...

It was a tale of two lovers uniting in the night to express their affection and devotion. So how exactly did this tale of love, end in cruel, cold-blooded murder? Good evening and welcome to Poetry Break Down, I’m your host Mary Doe. Tonight, we will delve into the fascinating world of classic Victorian literature. Under the microscope is canonized poet, the late Robert Browning. Browning’s poetry was a reflection of his life and times living in Victorian England. Later on this evening we will analyze just how his times came to play a major role in some of his greatest works, in particular his revered poem Porphyria’s Lover. Released in 1836 (Catherine Maxwell, 1993, p.27), this esteemed text follows the murder of beloved Porphyria, the†¦show more content†¦The emasculation and submissive role the narrator has been faced with ultimately leads to the climax of the poem. In an attempt to preserve Porphyria’s love and exercise power, Porphyriaâ€℠¢s lover strangles her with a lock of her own yellow hair (Line 39-40). The obsessive speaker then proceeds to prop Porphyria’s ‘drooping’ neck against his shoulder (Line 39-41), a complete reversal of his previous compliance to her controlling actions. This is symbolic of recovering masculinity from prior submission and depicts the male agenda of the Victorian period. Gender inequalities formed the fabric of society during the Victorian Era, as reflected in Porphyria’s Lover. From 1837 to 1901, Victorian England was a civilization of male dominance and supremacy. Men were viewed as superior beings that were far more intellectually, physically and emotionally able than females. Women were bound by law to obey their husbands while being forced to adhere to societal expectations. The female role in Victorian England consisted of caring for children and maintaining the home, occupying spare time with monotonous hobbies such as sewing. Husbands were by law permissible to punish their wives if they were not compliant with their expected role or acted disobediently. Originally, Porphyria challenges the dominant discourse of Victorian England as she boldly speaks and acts with independence, a trait that

Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of Apple †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of Apple. Answer: Introduction: Organisational ethics can be defined as a way in which organisations responds to external and internal environment. Various guidelines and principles are included in organisations workplaces that are decided by individuals or managers of the firm. Ethics can also be interpreted as a code of conduct followed by people working in an organisation. Making profits is the chief reason behind forming any company and to make money by unfair means is not permissible. For firms, individuals should be the first priority and no employee should be manipulated to get good results. Data modification is also taken as unethical conduct and is considered as theft in corporate world(MSG, 2017). In long run of organisations ethical dilemmas might take place in which perplexing situations among people takes place. The dilemmas mostly take place due to divergence in individual thoughts and fundamental nature. The confusing situations arising in workplaces are sometimes hard to justify and making necessary steps against it becomes difficult. In workplaces, dilemmas are happened quite often due to conflicts in ideology of employees and managers. The reason behind such dilemmas can be several like cultural differences, data infringements, child labour, incompetent payroll, incapable management, biased decisions, etc(Hewege, 2012). While unethical performance is made, it becomes duty of the management to look into the matter and undertake necessary steps against it. In this essay similar dilemma faced by one of the most renowned companys manufacturing unit of Apple Company at Foxconn will be discussed(Dawn, 2016). In order to make detail examination of the situation, two theoretical concepts will be discussed along with making an evaluation of those theories and how they could influence managerial practice in Apple Company. To assist the managers, critical reflection will be made in conclusion so that leaders can make decisions ethically. One of the most popular MNC is Apple whose headquarters is situated in America. It is also worlds second leading IT Company after Samsung([Case Study]-Apple vs. Samsung: A Battle of Marketing Relevancy, 2017). The company specialises in developing and designing computer software and computers. Popular mobile phones such as iPods, iPhone, ipad, etc. are all manufactured under the brand of Apple. Presently the CEO of the company is Tim Cook who was appointed in the year 2012 by Steve Jobs(Rawlinson, 2017). The article recently reported that the CEO had made immense profits for the company with his expertise and firm dedication. The CEO is said to be creative and innovative and had added cash reserves of over 90 billion dollars in the company. Soon after the new CEO was appointed, an ethical dilemma happened in Chinese manufacturing sector of the company in which employees protested against working conditions. Few even committed suicides and others threatened for the same. Foxconn is on e of the leading manufacturers of Apple who supplies finished Apple products for the company. The recent dilemma faced in factory premises where employees threatening attitude for suicide had made colossal situation for Tim Cook(Elmansy, 2017). The workers at Foxconn faced unethical working conditions in the working areas of one of the biggest electronics manufacturing unit. Around 150 workers threatened to jump from the roof of the building if their inconsiderate working conditions were not improved. One of the Chinese Community partys officials and managers were able to convince the workers to abort suicide and get down the roof for settlements. After two days of endeavour, the workers came down(Pierce, 2017). Apple is a global company and work pressure there seems to be high. The company was unable to give stress on Foxconn issue and the CEO focussed more on introducing its products and making profits(Vincente, 2015). To fulfil the demands of customers had been the prime target of Tim Cook and thus working hours were doubled for Foxconn factory in China. The company here lacked corporate social responsibility and tried to make profits against responsibility towards individuals. To show CSR only in companys brochures is n ot enough and is considered vital for smooth running of business(Apple India Private Limited, 2016). Nowadays people are getting concerned regarding socio economical factors and hence avoiding conflicts has become important so that financial merits are not hampered. The situation at Foxconn is one of the examples which shows negligible CSR of companies and nevertheless managers pretends to assure their responsibility, many of them lacks social ethics. Tim Cook focussed more on its supply network to achieve the companys goal but lacked to look over its manufacturing sectors. The investigations made by several newspapers were successful in highlighting the workers problem of Apple Company. The circumstances at Foxconn were not because of one reason or developed overnight but the problem had started since the year 2010. On that particular year more than eighteen employees committed suicide out of which fourteen died on spot(Brightkite, 2017). The main reasons behind such conditions, as told by employees working there, was low wages, inhuman treatment, long working hours and bias managers. The managers here are expected to take initiatives and embrace ethics. The companys shares increased and reputation of Apple reached high ends in around 2015 and companys financial results were seen above expectations. The investigators focussed more on companys merits rather than looking into other issues as a result the companys profits were benefitted from cost of employees life and those working at Foxconn(The Telegraph, 2017). The success of Apple in terms of finance and product quality cannot be overlooked but the ethical deficiency carried by the company is also important to be looked at. The way managers of the company handled its ethics and employees welfare had been covered by social Medias recently that are influencing the perceptions about Apple Company which is also affecting the companys economic success. However, New York Times magazine has identified that the Apple Company is working on taking initiatives towards preventive measures and reducing the working stress. The company made a report for its suppliers representing a portion of com panys supply chain. The company registered itself under Fair Labour association and became first IT Company for making such decision(Apple Inc., 2017). The company also made environmental groups and implemented labour rights while permitting its staff to work under fair conditions only. The incident that occurred in Foxconn factory gave company an opportunity to take preventive measures regarding social matters rather than financial issues. The CEO handled the situation very commendably and was able to deal with the issue professionally. Mr. Cook followed every protocol recommended to him and made advancement while dealing ethical dilemma at workplace(Dormehl, 2017). He evaluated the appropriate theories that could be applied to identify the root cause while making suitable decision. The CEO took steps in order to improve the working condition at Foxconn, as reported by the company. A non profit making organisation situated in America, The Fair Labour Association also claims that Ap ple Inc. had fulfilled all necessary working requirements in its factory premises of iPhones and iPods at Shenzhen and Chengdu(Background Of Case Study Apple Inc, 2015). The employees however do not seem to be contended and claims that proper solution has not been made to improve their work culture. They claim that organisation is bothered only about making profits and targeting their goal without giving reason for motivation among employees so that they could work with full aptitude. The company had enabled their work premises with additional recreation tools like tennis courts, television, swimming pools, interest clubs, etc. but the workers find them useless as they are unable to utilise them due to their excessive work load. The factories lacked necessary preventive tools as incidents were reported by employees that occurred in factories. In one of the factory fire broke out and other time poisonous gasses were spread inside the factory that choked many people(Lei Guo, 2012). Medical facilities also seemed inefficient at the time of disasters which brought rage in feelings of workers as they became sick due to inappropriate working conditions(Mer chant, 2017). Apple Inc is one of the biggest MNCs in the world and to maintain responsibility towards its stakeholders and entire business market is very significant for the company. With exclusive supply chain network and availability of products globally has made the company gain reputation and loyalty among customers. Thus it becomes necessary to maintain ethics and CSR while delivering enhanced consumer service along with giving fair returns to its shareholders. In order to examine the topic further two theoretical concepts will be utilised in this research paper. In businesses ethical theories have always provided an enormous foundation while making judgements regarding ethical contents in work action. The basic fundamental theories that could provide assistance in case of Apple Inc are Deontological and Teleological theory. The two theories will help in considering the situation and derive different conclusions respectively. The significance and possible outcome of actions can be focussed while applying teleological theory. This theory is widely used in business context and public relation policies. Utilitarianism comes under teleological theory which states that actions made by employers seems good if maximum number of people feel contended or satisfied(Business Jargons). Thus it can be said that if a decision is fair; the end will automatically become fruitful. Eudaimonism in teleological theory states that action made by companies seems good if the goals are fulfilled along with maintaining public welfare. The promotion of trends and prof iteering is enabled after fulfilling individual contentment is considered as an example of sound ethical base. Deontology theory in ethics focuses on aptness or incorrectness in actions as opposed by others during the course of action towards the work performance or any individual(Mastin, 2008). Thus major work of deontologist is to make out whether the situation is fair or worse depending on the action and that the claim is correct or not. The moral obligations will always give priority to good actions and confirm moral ethics in its undertaking. In other words deontology deals with those ethical actions that proves good in the terms of society and is made without justifying their consequences regarding ultimate goals. The outcome of this theory always gives well results when talking about individual morale. The action taken is normally in favour of workers before considering corporate factors. Divine Command theory in deontological theory states that any moral action made by people is important as it is obligatory to perform actions ethically. It is duty of individuals to perform their part of responsibility with integrity in providing better moral action for society. Natural Rights theory states that the ethical theory gives rights to individual to work under fair condition and if it is exploited, people may demand for changes. This theory gives rights to the people to develop their transit and tradition after incorporating ethical laws(Mastin, 2008). In case of Apple, the contribution made by the company in technological and supply chain has impacted the entire world significantly. However, ethical part in the company is found missing. The CEO of the company made profound decisions that made the company in top position in market but only if he could make extra effort in managing workplaces could have helped the company come out of the dilemma. The company lacked ethics and morals and thus faced issues regarding it(Lei Guo, 2012). The case of Apple Inc can be classified into deontological approach. Initially the company used to think about excessive working hours along with child labour and other issues relating health and safety. The increasing approach by social Medias exposure regarding ethical behaviour had made company look more into its publicity impacts that may prove negative on share prices and revenues. With increasing pressure on workers and supply chain the company witnessed rise in audits and share prices and became c lose in accomplishing its objective. According to authors, any act towards fulfilling goal should be ethical and conditional or else it is considered as unlawful act(MSG, 2017). The suppliers of Apple always suffered ethically from Apple Company and since Asian regions had low bargaining power, they had to bear ethical force. Since Asian regions production costs are cheaper, the company tried to make utmost supply out of it and under no condition was ready to reduce its business(Firstpost, 2017). The act which the company followed is not accepted universally and the case of Apple shows that the company discriminated between their own employees and outside suppliers. The company was also reported to involve chid labour in its manufacturing unit which is again unacceptable case principally. Therefore it can be said that although the company was successful in implementing utilitarianism but deontological approach seemed unsatisfactory. The CEO and the management of the company should take more care of their labours as the company is highly depended on them. The satisfaction and basic demands of employees shall be taken care of by the company including health facilities and enhanced working conditions. If these are not met, the company might have to face future troubles(Hewege, 2012). Here the company can apply consequentiality approach that may help the company to control the situation. The CEO needs to understand that increasing employees satisfaction always increase their work capability and maximise returns gradually. The decrement in job satisfactions loses the enthusiasm among employees and tendency to work is reduced along with reduction in product quality. The working condition of Foxconn as reported had unpleasant working conditions and thus created ethical dilemma which regulated the reputation of the company. If such working conditions are not enhanced, any positive decision may not seem accomplishing and also will not bring positive changes among employees. More worse the situation becomes will bring in more media attention and hence only inconvenience will be created in growth path(Dormehl, 2017). Nowadays people are getting more concerned about social welfare and CSR of organisations. If the consumers comprehend that the manufactures works for the company at the price of their living, it might become unbearable for them. As a result Apple might lose its important clients and customers which will automatically hamper companys approach towards forming a sustainable position in market. The management system of the company thus requires undergoing constructive change in order to avoid future issues(Sin, 2016). The management system at Foxconn has weak leadership control as it is seen that the leaders were unable to handle the situation at the beginning which increased to such an extent that made suicides in the premises of company. Foxconn requires leader who is more bureaucratic in control and possess a quality that could balance companys requirement and labour demands(Bilton, 2014). Trust between managers and employees are the base of any company along with sharing responsibility. The ethical concepts demands the company to treat people as individuals and not like machines and thus the administrators are demanded to be superior in conducting moral ethics. If such ethical strategy is adopted in Foxconn, quick flow in decisions can be seen and closeness between authority and workers might solve the current issues. Training programmes can be introduced at Foxconn that might help workers in understanding latest techniques as well as different ways through which they could complete their job faster. Presently the dictators of Foxconn treat employees as slaves and despite getting such behaviour, no employee had ever tried to lawsuit against the company. Under the Labour Law of China, all the possessions and ID cards are kept by the company which are not returned back to their families even if they demand for it(Bilton, 2014). This again proves unacceptable law and justifies ethical dilemma faced by Apple Company. If any workplace is constructed without ethical presence, it becomes duty of leaders to rectify it and failing such, the organisation might have to face bad publicity in front of public and corporate world. Ethics refers to those moral principles that motivates people and creates moral development which can be seen in the operations of businesses. The best leaders are the ones who ensure bondage between employees and employer(Mastin, 2008). Conclusion After analysing the situation of Apple Inc in the above essay, from multi perspective view, it can be said that the Foxconn specialises in making utmost profits and generating sufficient amount of production. But the ethical issues as commented by its employees show that the company lacked moral principles and treated its workers as slaves(Brightkite, 2017). Foxconn has been able to implement bureaucratic and scientific management theory which made its workers work like machines and not like humans. This intolerant nature of the management had made many of its employees fall sick and even aroused suicidal instinct in them. The new CEO of the company had been under great pressure as the long running ethical dilemma needs to be corrected immediately or else the entire organisation might have to suffer immensely. MNC as huge as Apple loses its ethical conduct is something shocking for the nation as such companies is taken as examples of successful entrepreneurs. Thus it becomes very ess ential for the CEO to rectify the issues and make decisions that provides development for improved tomorrow(Elmansy, 2017). Leaders are entitled to make decisions after focussing on employees satisfactions and core development keeping aside personnel sentiments and profiteering nature. The above essay had given a detailed view on the organisations managerial incapability and about workers dilemma in a company. The two theoretical concepts discussed from management ethics had examined the dilemma crucially while making close evaluations of situation. The recommendations made in the essay might prove beneficial for the managers of the Apple Company and ensure that further decisions made by them are more based on ethical grounds. Thorough literature on key perception of management and leadership theories and significance of ethics in business had been studied that might result in costing ethical dilemmas in companies. References [Case Study]-Apple vs. Samsung: A Battle of Marketing Relevancy. (2017). Retrieved from https://dsim.in/blog/2017/01/28/case-study-apple-vs-samsung-a-battle-of-marketing-relevancy/ Apple Inc. (2017). Apple at work. Retrieved from https://www.apple.com/business/success-stories/ Apple India Private Limited. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of Apple India Private Limited. Retrieved from https://images.apple.com/legal/more-resources/docs/Apple-India-CSR.pdf Background Of Case Study Apple Inc. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/background-of-case-study-apple-inc-marketing-essay.php Bilton, R. (2014). Apple 'failing to protect Chinese factory workers'. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-30532463 Brightkite. (2017). Apple Foxconn Case Study. Retrieved from https://brightkite.com/essay-on/apple-foxconn-case-study Business Jargons. (n.d.). Teleological Ethical Theories. Retrieved from https://businessjargons.com/teleological-ethical-theories.html Dawn, C. (2016). Where Apple Products Are Born: A Rare Glimpse Inside Foxconn's Factory Gates. Retrieved from https://www.recode.net/2015/4/6/11561130/where-apple-products-are-born-a-rare-glimpse-inside-foxconns-factory Dormehl, L. (2017). Today in Apple history: Apple responds to Foxconn suicides. Retrieved from https://www.cultofmac.com/483292/today-apple-history-apple-responds-foxconn-suicides/ Elmansy, R. (2017). Design Thinking Case Study: Innovation at Apple. Retrieved from https://www.designorate.com/design-thinking-case-study-innovation-at-apple/ Firstpost. (2017). Latest News on Foxconn sharp. Retrieved from https://www.firstpost.com/tag/foxconn-sharp Hewege, C. R. (2012). A Critique of the Mainstream Management Control Theory and the Way Forward. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244012470114 Lei Guo, S. H. (2012). A case study of the Foxconn suicides: An international perspective to framing the sweatshop issue. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254093520_A_case_study_of_the_Foxconn_suicides_An_international_perspective_to_framing_the_sweatshop_issue Mastin, L. (2008). The Basics of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_deontology.html Merchant, B. (2017). Life and death in Apples forbidden city. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/18/foxconn-life-death-forbidden-city-longhua-suicide-apple-iphone-brian-merchant-one-device-extract MSG. (2017). Organization Ethics - Meaning and its Importance. Retrieved from https://managementstudyguide.com/organization-ethics.htm Pierce, C. P. (2017). Scott Walker's Wisconsin Foxconn Deal Is Even Shadier Than It Sounds. Retrieved from https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a12444506/wisconsin-foxconn-deal/ Rawlinson, N. (2017). History of Apple: The story of Steve Jobs and the company he founded. Retrieved from https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/apple/history-of-apple-steve-jobs-mac-3606104/ Sin, B. (2016). Latest Foxconn Worker Deaths Build Case For Apple To Move Operations From China. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/bensin/2016/08/22/the-real-cost-of-the-iphone-7-more-foxconn-worker-deaths/#5cd11a485560 The Telegraph. (2017). 'Mass suicide' protest at Apple manufacturer Foxconn factory. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9006988/Mass-suicide-protest-at-Apple-manufacturer-Foxconn-factory.html Vincente, E. F. (2015). Foxconn Case Study: A Look at Ethics in the Global Marketplace. Retrieved from https://pax.shc.edu/story/foxconn-case-study-look-ethics-global-marketplace

Reflection on Jesus Essay Example

Reflection on Jesus Essay The teachings of Jesus, His death and resurrection, and the promise of His return provide believers with a firm foundation for living, confidence in God’s power and provision in our lives, and clear direction in The Way. As a believer, His message directs my educational choices, guides my life experiences, and determines how I approach society. Christ teaches that the measure of successful living in His eternal kingdom is far different than the standards society espouses. In Matthew 5, He lists many â€Å"blessings† that our society defines as character flaws or weaknesses. Jesus asks believers to remove our trust in possessions and self-gratification. He calls us to live differently so that others can see Him clearly in us, and in doing so, offer hope to those who are hurting. Christ provides practical guidance for daily living. Throughout Matthew 5 and 6, He challenges believers to examine our motives and make decisions beyond the letter of the law. We are to consider the â€Å"thought life† behind our actions and strive to make those thoughts and motives pure. (Bradley, 2012) In doing so, we are able to live righteously in both the law and the Spirit. 2 Corinthians 10:5, NIV) Jesus cautions His believers not to forget the glorious purpose we are called to. By being the salt of the earth as described in Matthew 5, we are called to live in a way that mirrors Jesus’ sacrifice, which can preserve a dying world as salt preserves food. Jesus asks us to reflect His light and illuminate a dark world. Each parable in Luke 15 displays how highly God values us. His pastoral, possessive, and parental connections to us are also revealed, as is His great concern when we are separated from Him. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Jesus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Jesus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Jesus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The parables allude to God’s efforts to rescue, retrieve, and restore us to Him and the great celebration that results when we are reunited. By reflecting God’s love to the world, we fulfill our purpose and help â€Å"find† the lost. The account of Jesus’ death and resurrection in Luke 22-24 demonstrates His great love for us, His perfect obedience to God’s will and plan for His life, and the fulfillment of that plan through tremendous sacrifice and divine restoration. Jesus sets an example of perfect obedience for us in Luke 22:42. He was fully aware of His impending torture and death, yet he still submitted to God’s will. Remaining obedient throughout His trial, crucifixion and death, Jesus fulfilled every promise in Isaiah 53:5, where it says â€Å"But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we are healed. † Jesus defining moment comes not in His death, but in His resurrection, as Luke 24 describes. It is through Jesus that we are restored to the Father. Paul explains, â€Å"For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead comes also through a man. For as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made alive. † (1 Corinthians 15:21-22, NIV) Matthew 24 tells of great trials, unrest, and distress that are to come before Jesus returns. Jesus talks about worldwide turmoil; catastrophes so severe that â€Å"If those days had not been cut short, no one would survive, but for the sake of the elect those days will be shortened. † (Matthew 24:22, NIV). Even in this foreboding message, Jesus provides hope for His believers. Matthew 24:31 encourages believers that Jesus will gather them together to be with Him. Nobody will know the time of His return, so he provides guidance for His followers to stay alert. Jesus gives the promise of reward for those who are faithful and prepared in verses 45 through 47, but also warns those who are not prepared in verse 48 through 51. As a business major, I am preparing to lead others professionally. While leadership comes with a temptation to serve my own interests, Jesus teaches in Matthew 5 that greater gains in life will come through servant leadership and humility. This approach may be misunderstood by my peers, and may cost me professional and social opportunities, but I don’t have to worry about those costs. Jesus says, â€Å"Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear. † (Matthew 6:25a, NIV). His death and resurrection prove that He has the both the authority and the desire to provide for me. I need only trust Him. Matthew 24 provides encouragement for this approach. â€Å"It will be good for that servant whose master finds him doing so when he returns. Truly I tell you, he will put him in charge of all his possessions. † (Matthew 24:45b, NIV). Jesus’ teachings guide me as I daily turn over all of my will to Christ’s care and control. I minister in a Christ-centered recovery program for anyone with hurts, hang-ups, and habits that keep them from having an intimate relationship with Christ. Jesus provides the â€Å"8 Principles† of this program, in order, through the â€Å"Beatitudes† found in Matthew 5:3-12. I live keenly focused on â€Å"practicing these principles in all my affairs. (Baker, 2005) I do so with the confidence that Jesus’ death and resurrection, as described in Luke 22-24, have brought me back into relationship with God. I hold firmly to the promise of Matthew 24 that I will be reunited with my Creator. Rather than insisting on my rights, amassing wealth, or living self-centeredly, Jesus calls me to live counter-culturally; so that others can see Christ in me. Following Jesus means living the example He sets in the midst of His betrayal, trial, and crucifixion: not my will, but God’s. I do all of this with the hope and promise that even though I may struggle, I can learn to be â€Å"reasonable happy in this life, and supremely happy in the next† (Neibuhr, 1986) when He returns. References Baker, J. (2005). Celebrate recovery leaders guide. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Bradley, M. (2012, August 18). You are what you think. Retrieved from http://www. bible-knowledge. com/you-are-what-you-think/ Neibuhr, R. (1986). The essential reinhold niebuhr: Selected essays and addresses. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Creating a Quality Application Essay

Creating a Quality Application Essay There is no question that the application essay process can be a bit intimidating. As someone who has written several admissions essays, I know exactly how exasperating a process it can be! And that is why I have created this website. After years of school and dozens of compositions, I believe that I have come up with an effective formula for writing application essays from which anyone can benefit. If you wish to write a quality application essay, the first thing to which you must commit is the simple fact that it is going to take a while. So, do yourself a favor and get any ideas you might have of completing your admissions essay in a few hours out of your head. In fact, I would recommend that you give yourself at least a month to work on your admissions essay so that you dont feel rushed or anxious (as this could have a negative effect on your writing). The more time you allow for your work, the more fully you will be able to experience the creative process. This is why I believe that every student should start working on his or her application composition several weeks and/or months in advance. If you are planning to apply to college next year, I recommend that you get a calendar and map out a specific schedule for your work. Although this might seem unnecessary, I promise you that making this schedule will aid tremendously in the overall process. Designing a personalized schedule for your work is the first step toward an excellent application essay. Once you have created this schedule, feel free to read on to the next page. In the meanwhile, if you have any questions about admissions essays and/or graduate school essays, please dont hesitate to contact me.

The Carrot Seed Is a Delightful Classic Picture Book

The Carrot Seed Is a Delightful Classic Picture Book The Carrot Seed, first published in 1945, is a classic children’s picture book. A little boy plants a carrot seed and takes care of it diligently even though each member of his family gives him no hope that it will grow. The Carrot Seed by Ruth Krauss, with illustrations by Crockett Johnson, is a story with a simple text and simple illustrations but with an encouraging message to be shared with preschoolers through first graders. Summary of the Story In 1945 most children’s books had a lengthy text, but The Carrot Seed, with a very simple story, has just 101 words. The little boy, without a name, plants a carrot seed and every day he pulls the weeds and waters his seed. The story is set in the garden with his mother, father, and even his big brother telling him, â€Å"it won’t come up.† Young readers will wonder, could they be right? His determined efforts and hard work are rewarded when the tiny seed sprouts leaves above the ground. The final page shows the real prize as the little boy carries his carrot off in a wheelbarrow. Story Illustrations The illustrations by Crockett Johnson are two-dimensional and just as simple as the text, with emphasis on the boy and the carrot seed. The features of the little boy and his family are sketched with single lines: eyes are circles with a dot; ears are two lines, and his  nose is in profile. The text is always placed on the left side of the double-page spread with a white background. The illustrations found on the right side are yellow, brown, and white until the carrot appears with tall green leaves and a bright orange color highlighting the prize of perseverance. About the Author, Ruth Krauss The author, Ruth Krauss was born in 1901 in Baltimore, Maryland, where she attended the Peabody Institute of Music. She received a bachelor’s degree from the Parsons School of Fine and Applied Art in New York City. Her first book, A Good Man and His Good Wife, was published in 1944, with illustrations by the abstract painter Ad Reinhardt. Eight of the author’s books were illustrated by Maurice Sendak, beginning in 1952 with A Hole Is to Dig. Maurice Sendak felt fortunate to work with Krauss and considered her to be his mentor and friend. Her book, A Very Special House, which Sendak illustrated, was recognized as a Caldecott Honor Book for its illustrations. In addition to her children’s books, Krauss also wrote verse plays and poetry for adults. Ruth Krauss wrote 34 more books for children, many of them illustrated by her husband, David Johnson Leisk, including The Carrot Seed. Illustrator Crockett Johnson David Johnson Leisk borrowed the name â€Å"Crockett† from Davy Crockett to distinguish himself from all the other Daves in the neighborhood. He later adopted the name â€Å"Crockett Johnson† as a pen name because Leisk was too hard to pronounce. He is perhaps best known for the comic strip Barnaby (1942–1952) and the Harold series of books, beginning with Harold and the Purple Crayon. The Carrot Seed and Children The Carrot Seed is a sweet delightful story that after all these years has remained in print. Award-winning author and illustrator Kevin Henkes  names The Carrot Seed as one of his favorite childhood books. This book pioneers the use of minimal text reflecting the here-and-now of a child’s world. The story can be shared with toddlers who will enjoy the simple illustrations and understand planting a seed and waiting seemingly endlessly for it to grow. On a deeper level, early readers can learn lessons of perseverance, hard work, determination, and belief in yourself. There are numerous extension activities that can be developed with this book, such as: telling the story with picture cards placed in a timeline; acting out the story in mime; learning about other vegetables that grow underground. Of course, the most obvious activity is the planting of a seed. If you’re lucky, your little one will not be content to plant a seed in a paper cup  but will want to use a shovel, sprinkling can...and don’t forget the wheelbarrow (HarperCollins, 1945. ISBN: 9780060233501). Recommended Picture Books for Small Children Other books young children enjoy include Maurice Sendaks best-known classic picture book, Where the Wild Things Are, as well as more recent picture books like by Katie Cleminson and Pete the Cat and His Four Groovy Buttons by James Dean and Eric Litwin. Wordless picture books, such as The Lion and the Mouse by Jerry Pinkney, are fun as you and your child can read the pictures and tell the story together. The picture book  And Then Its Spring  is perfect for young children eager to plant their own gardens. Sources Ruth Krauss Papers, Harold, Barnaby, and Dave: A Biography of Crockett Johnson by Phillip Nel, Crockett Johnson, and the Purple Crayon: A Life in Art by Philip Nel, Comic Art 5, Winter 2004

Nuclear Plant Safety Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nuclear Plant Safety - Research Paper Example There are different reasons for the use of nuclear power as energy sources but there are more reasons to stop their operation, if not, reduce their use. This paper will provide a background on the history of the use of nuclear power in the United States. Some incidents that display the disadvantages of nuclear power plants will also be presented. In the end, a conclusion will be provided. The History of Nuclear Power in the United States Oil, natural gas and coal were traditionally used as sources of electricity but the scarcity of these resources has led people to search for other sources. One of the main concerns of the government then was that these scarce resources have become expensive. Furthermore, the use of coal, fossil fuel and oil were reported to emit significant amounts of carbon dioxide, which is a substantial greenhouse gas. Nuclear power was primarily used for weapon production. The atomic bomb was the prime weapon, which makes use of nuclear power. The atomic bomb is integrated in a hydrogen bomb. The hydrogen bomb functions in three distinct stages: first, the atomic bomb explodes through a fission reaction; a second bomb, which is composed of lithium and deuterium undergoes a fusion reaction; then, a third explosion occurs when the uranium component undergoes a fission reaction (Caldicott, 2006). The first casualties of hydrogen bombs were the Japanese. In the Second World War, the United Stated deployed two atomic bombs – one in Hiroshima and the other in Nagasaki. The bombs were reported to have caused the death of more than 200,000 Japanese people (Caldicott, 2006). After the Second World War, other countries were able to produce nuclear bombs. In the end however, countries signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in the hope of disarming all nuclear weapons; whereas nations without nuclear weapons would not be able to develop such weapons (Caldicott, 2006). The treaty is an important agreement to hinder the detrimental and destructive effects of nuclear bombs. Due to the treaty, the use of nuclear power went into a limbo until it was used as a source of electricity. This energy source was believed to be cheaper than other sources such as coal and fossil fuel as it produces higher wattages of electricity. From then on, constructions of reactors continued until 1978. To this day, there are about 112 nuclear plants built within the United States (Greenwald, 1991). Some of these plants have already encountered certain malfunctions. Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plants In March 28, 1979, the Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear plant in Pennsylvania experienced a near meltdown. This was the worst nuclear accident experienced by the United States. â€Å"Scientists determined that a jammed valve had caused cooling water to drain from the reactor core† (Presutti, 2011). As a result, the fuel core became uncovered and then it overheated, causing a partial meltdown. About 120,000 people were evacuated. Fortu nately, only a small amount of radiation was able to escape from the facility. The Reactor that almost resulted to a meltdown was permanently shutdown though a part of TMI nuclear plant is still operating. This incident allowed for a more serious review of the nuclear policies in the United States and also halted the approval of establishments of more nuclear plants (Presutti, 2011). The TMI incident was attributed to lack of training of staff,

Are court and tribunals in the English legal system now Essay

Are court and tribunals in the English legal system now indistinguishable in all important respects - Essay Example The content of the law here include things like criminal offences and civil wrongs. Here the distinction between a crime and civil wrong cannot be stated as depending upon what is done because what is done may be the same in each case. The true distinction lies therefore not in the nature of the wrongful act but in the legal consequences that follow it. The instances above thus are addressed, heard and determined at very different places which bring us to the court system of the English legal system. This court system is divided or subdivided into either the criminal court system which includes the Supreme Court, the court of appeal, crown court, magistrates, high court and Privy Council. The other division is the civil court system which also includes the Supreme Court, the court of appeal, the county court, the magistrates, the high court and the tribunals (Baker, 2009, p. 29). This brings us to our main subject of the courts and tribunals. From the oxford learners dictionary the m eaning of a court is basically a person or body having judicial authority to hear and resolve disputes in civil, criminal, ecclesiastical or military cases. On the other hand a tribunal is a sitting or a group of proceedings how end goal is to establish and deliver a judgment on a specific issue such as a tribunal to resolve an election dispute which in itself is under the guidance and rules of the court system. The Court and the Tribunal In origin, these tribunals are designed as alternatives to what is believed to be the artificial formality of courts of law, and the supposed ignorance of the ordinary judiciary of specialized information regarding particular economic and social relationships. The ordinary man or woman is expected to be able to operate the process without benefit of counsel or solicitors (Blackstone, 2003). It soon begins to appear, however, that the total absence of formality can be a straightforward passport to injustice. Moreover, in rent cases, and cases of unf air dismissal, the landlord or employer could hardly be expected to spend long days in court instead of managing his own business, and therefore might reasonably be expected to employ a professional advocate. The first characteristic led to a widespread extension of the role of the ordinary courts in their supervisory role of subordinate tribunals, the second to an equally widespread demand for the extension (Bailey, et al. 2007, p. 68). The second to an equally widespread demand for the extension of legal aid to tribunals originally instituted with the intention of keeping the lawyers out. One thing, however, has emerged from the development of the tribunal system since the war, and this is the marked preference shown by Parliament and the public for a tribunal consisting of a lawyer in the chair sitting with two seasoned and experienced lay members over trial by judge alone, or trial before a judge and civil jury (Elliott & Quinn, 2011, p. 38). First and foremost, in a court the p urpose of the case is usually to get the culprit of the offence i.e. the wrongdoer and the appropriate punishment to be administered like in instances where a robbery has occurred and the person responsible has been arrested by the persons concerned which in this case might be the police or even the public. This is somehow different from a tribunal whose real and intended purpose is to

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller Essay We then created a scene based on knowledge gained through the play text and the discussions and showed it to the class, and received in return their comments. However our teacher did not believe any one in our group had the characters as believable as they could, and thought they needed improving. She decided upon giving us an extremely beneficial exercise into do as a class, which would make us look deeper into our characters, as so there fore convey a better example of that character in our scenes. We all had to stand up, facing our teacher, in a way we believed our character would stand, also incorporating facial and bodily stance. At that time, the character I was playing was Eddie, a respectable legal Italian immigrant living and working amongst the Italian community in New York. I had from previous exploration into the character a visualisation of the type of character Eddie was. The type of man who was tight fisted and bolshy, yet thoughtful of those important to him. This exercise backed up my thoughts on Eddie, and allowed me to make an accurate physical and tonal picture of how Eddie should be acted; tight fisted, yet in no way a mad man, but with a cold expression on his face. We also used freeze frames in many of our scenes, whether it was to change, open, or close scenes, they were useful to us so we knew when to stop or pause. And they were also useful to the audience so they could see a clear distinction between different parts of scenes, or changes of scenes. In one scene we used a large amount of stage to allow the use of levels in a creative way around the stage. We were all in a group of four, and had only one speech from one character to create a scene out of. We devised amongst the group, which would be the most effective way of delivering the characters speech to the class. We decided upon cutting the paragraph in certain areas, into sentences, which could then be allocated to individuals. We then composed ourselves to being character involved, who happened to be Alfieri, and mapped out where each of us was to stand. We decided to start the scene in a freeze frame, but to let the end flow, with repetition of the final line, the voice dynamics getting quieter as the words trailed out. We thought this effect would be good in conveying an inner voice speaking, and would also allow for the next group to add their scene, the following in the play, onto it. The use of mime was also rather important in this scene as well. With hand gestures and facial expressions the climax could be reached, the true expression of the person could come out, making a more believable performance. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Dysfunctional Families in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, by Tennessee Williams

Dysfunctional Families in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, by Tennessee Williams Dysfunction and volatility is common amongst families. These families dislike their kin and often resent them. In the play, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, by Tennessee Williams, the Politt family does not function as a normal family. Brick, Maggie, and Big Daddy are three members of the family that have the most problems that affect the whole family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brick, Maggie’s alcoholic husband, is an uncaring man who has no good feelings toward his wife. For example, when Maggie buys a gift for Brick to give to Big Daddy on his birthday and Maggie wants Brick to sign the card, he says â€Å"No†¦ I don’t have to do anything I don’t want to do†(28). Even on Big Daddy’s last birthday, Brick refuses to make Big Daddy happy. He is very selfish in his decision. In addition, when Maggie wants to have a little privacy with Brick and he refuses, Maggie responds by saying she can’t live under those circumstances, Brick then states â€Å"You agreed to†¦ Accept that condition†(32). Maggie wants to love Brick but is shunned because of his insensitivity. Brick’s alcohol seems to float his boat more than being with his spouse. Brick has no compassion and feelings for his family and for anyone else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Margaret (Maggie), a young, beautiful woman has a marriage on the rocks and a strong dislike towards Mae and her children. For instance, when Maggie starts talking about Skipper during her con...

International Business- Failure of Joint Venture as a Result of Culture Essay

1. Joint venture between TCL and Alcatel In 2004, TCL Technology Holdings Limited, a multinational electronics conglomerate from Huizhou, China entered into a mobile phone manufacturing Joint Venture with Alcatel, a global corporation in telecommunication equipments, services and applications from Paris, France, in a bid to foray into the global market. The joint venture company – TCL and Alcatel Mobile Phones Ltd (TAMP) – managed research and development (R&D), sales and distribution of mobile handsets and related products and services (TCL 2011). TCL invested 55 million euros to garner a fifty five percent stake while Alcatel put in 45 million euros along with its mobile handset business for the remaining forty five percent share (China Daily 2004). The two corporations each possessed individual strengths that they believed, when joined in partnership, would establish their stronghold in the competitive mobile phone industry and further their geographical reach in sales. TCL is a distinguished brand that fronts the China market and has a vantage point as a low cost manufacturing base in Asia. Alcatel is a leading player in Europe and Latin America and has operations in more than 130 countries. It could contribute an extensive sales network as well as its high aptitude in R&D (TCL 2011). Alcatel also provided patents to TCL, who did not own its own technology, to enable its entry into markets that have intellectual property (IP) rights requirements (Zhu 2005). TCL at that time had faced a waning domestic market and needed Alcatel to help it expand into newer international markets while Alcatel believed that TCL’s lead in manufacturing would improve its product offering that would better meet the varying needs of its customers worldwide. According to Morgan Stanley, a multinational financial services provider, the joint venture (TAMP) had enormous potential to place seventh to become one of the global leaders in the industry (TCL 2011). TAMP began operations in September 2004. However, only 8 months into the joint venture, by the end of the first quarter of 2005, TAMP had reported a loss of 36 million euro (Li 2011). As a result, TCL bought out Alcatel’s 45 percent share in TAMP to solely take over the venture. The TCL-Alcatel (T&A) collaboration had failed. The transaction took place in the form of an exchange of stocks where Alcatel transferred its TAMP shares to TCL in return for a 5 percent share in the latter’s firm. Because the venture had ended prematurely, Alcatel also paid 20 million  euros in compensation to TCL for the withdrawal of IP rights it had rendered to TAMP (Zhu 2005). After the termination of the joint venture, TCL began to draw profits again in the following year (Li 2011). 2. Problems of the joint venture The failure was attributed to high inherent production costs of managing an international corporation and the underlying financial problems of Alcatel that existed prior to the joint venture that impeded TAMP’s profit goals (Zhu 2005) therefore made it hard to revive the business. Ernst & Young’s (2011) financial reports revealed that Alcatel suffered net operation losses of 400 million euro in 2001 and is a plausible reason why it had been eager to sell its shares to TCL in the first place – to rid the loss making assets (Zhu 2005). But to a large extent, stark cultural differences in working styles between the Chinese and French had a role to play in the lead to its eventual failure. Despite their industrious attempt at internationalizing the business, the Chinese had a perennial lack of understanding of the European culture and were inexperienced in managing international human resource (Monks 2012). This caused friction amongst the employees, who are the building blocks of a company, thus eventually eroded the viability of the collaboration. 3. Culture in IB Culture is an integral part of international business. Every country exhibits a unique set of culture that is distinct from another and has a considerable effect on the way people work and function in their workplace. It is a basis upon which organizations strategize and shape their operations and decisions (Reis, Ferreira and Santos 2011) as well as influence the way they negotiate (Graham, Mintu and Rodgers 1994). Therefore it is critical to learn and understand the cultures of the countries in which you are interested to do business because differences in culture potentially give rise to misunderstandings in the workplace where people have inaccurate perceptions  of each other (Wursten,Lanzer and Fadrhonc 2012), so when managers have awareness of differences, they can alter the way they manage their foreign employees. This is supported by Luo (1999), who found that an understanding of host country culture improved overall business performance. Entering into joint ventures with local firms is an advantageous mode of entry that allows foreign MNCs to acquire local knowledge (Makino and Delios 1996) and this was the strategy taken by TCL in its entrance into France. However, the Chinese firm still faced huge problems of ‘culture conflict’ (Yao and He 2005, p.34). 4. Why it faced difficulties Over the past decade, China had been aggressive in reaching out to the world through its outward foreign direct investment (FDI) policies. Figures from the 2006 Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment show that outward FDI of China increased 18.5 billion from 2002 to 2006 (Ministry of Commerce of China 2007). Declining domestic demand and ailing revenues had been a motivation and the confidence from having many years of international experience from foreign MNCS operating in its country had primed China for its own global advance (Lyles and He 2008). Yet there lay fundamental problems in the execution. 4.1 Cultural Differences between TCL and Alcatel There are distinct differences in working styles of employees in Alcatel and TCL due to the intrinsic cultural differences between these two countries. How will management adapt to it is specific to culture as managers are products of their own culture with its own set of beliefs and values and manners of expression and will go on to organize its people effectively according to this very culture so it follows that what works for a particular culture might not necessarily work for another (Wursten 2008). Some friction was observed in the interaction between TCL and Alcatel employees and cooperation between the two managements due to personal perceptions of each other. In an interview conducted by Li Jing (2011), associate professor at Simon Fraser University, for the vice presidents of TCL – Well Lu (TCL) and Laurent Labbe (Alcatel) -, the issue of cultural differences between the two firms was discussed. 4.1.1 Conservatives v Risk Takers The French adopts a more conservative approach when it comes to decision-making. Conservatism is associated with the uncertainty-avoidance (UAI) dimension ( Doupnik and Riccio 2006) and France has one of the highest UAI index at 86 indicating that they are not comfortable with ambiguous situations and will take measures to avoid them (Hofstede 2001). They ‘think a lot before doing something’ (Li 2011, p.3), because in their country, mistakes are unacceptable (Bowie 2008). As a result, Frenchmen are averse to risk (Bowie 2008). Out of 500 employees from Alcatel, only 70 remained in the joint venture company because the perception is that there will be no job security and they cannot afford taking this risk (Li 2011). High turnover rates lower the productivity of a business (BizFilings 2012). Conversely the Chinese are more willing to take risks. This is reflected in their low UAI score of 30. They accept ambiguity, are adaptive to change and make decisions based on a pragmatic approach (Hofstede 2001). However a point to note is that, although China is generally open to risk taking, it tends to embark on lengthy considerations that can notably delay decision-making (RSM International 2010). This would test the patience of its French counterpart and frustrate the relationship. This divergence in attitude and multi-faceted culture causes a struggle in reaching decisions when both parties are set in their own ways about an approach. 4.1.2 Individualists v Collectivists Alcatel’s is a predominantly individualist culture where work relationship is upon the basis of a contract, which underlines the concept of professionalism and have marked definition of an employee’s job responsibilities (Li 2011). TCL, in contrast, is primarily a collectivist culture where people work in the interests of the group (Hofstede 2001). This is reflected in its corporate culture where it wants its employees to feel belonging to the company, to treat it like home (Li 2011). But during the joint venture, as the company grows at an accelerated pace, the nature of the jobs became vague and necessitated a TCL working style. The French are a high-minded group so competition typically prevail teamwork (Kenna and Lacy 1994) at the work place which meant many Alcatel employees were removed from their comfort zone. 4.1.3 Varying degree of acceptance of power Moreover, as France is also an uncertainty avoidance society, there was further disorientation when there was no clear example from top management how they were supposed to work (Li 2011). France and China are both large power distance societies but employ different types of power (Zheng 2010). The French are more accustomed to legitimate power, which is the power that imposes a sense of responsibility or obligation on them (Zheng 2010) and value strong leadership and tight controls (Bowie 2008). But this was not the approach used by the TCL as it tended to be more abrasive and did not agree with a very important aspect of Chinese culture – Harmony. Chinese people manage work relationships with harmony in mind and also the concept of giving everyone ‘face’ (Zheng 2010) so the difference in styles puts the French in discomfiture, and the Chinese in confusion as to why the French was being less than efficient therefore affecting the company’s productivity that would affect the bottom line of the business. 4.1.4 ‘Lazy’ v Driven Individuals Lu admits that he ‘used to subscribe to the stereotype that Frenchmen are lazy’ and ‘are more relaxed’ when it comes to work attitudes (Li 2011, p.3). Laziness is perceived as a negative characteristic and might draw disapproval from other co-workers. However it must be understood that the  French are not really ‘lazy’ but are Polychronic people (Hall 2000). Polychronic people are described in Hall’s cultural theory to have a tendency not to keep a tight structure on their time and work at their own pace, also preferring not to make elaborate plans so (Suntsova 2009) therefore giving the impression of being lazy. The Chinese are, like the French, Polychronic (Hall 2000). But to a large degree they are also a masculine society, according to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (2001), with a high score of 66. In masculine societies, people are motivated to be the best they can be, where great emphasis is placed on achievement and success. Labbe (Li 2011) had described the Chinese as workers with tremendous drive and ambition. On the other hand France is a more feminine society scoring 43, which implies that they are more concerned about the quality of life. For example, France has a liberal welfare system in place that entails short 35 hour work weeks. Labbe (Li 2011, p.3) agrees that the Frenchmen are ‘satisfied with just working for a base salary’. Thus TCL (Chinese) employees who are more masculine, will be disposed to think that their Alcatel colleagues (French), who are feminine and polychronic, are lazy and unmotivated workers, which is a careless observation, because eventually the work is accomplished, only the work is done in a different manner. This misconception leads to resentment amongst employees. 4.2 Lack of international management experience To add to the problem, TCL, like many Chinese firms lack real experience in managing an international business. MNCs’ operating in external markets face liability of foreignness (LOF) where they are at a disadvantage to local firms due to unfamiliarity of host country conditions (Hymer 1976). They have to overcome the liabilities by forging competitive advantages against local firms or fine-tune managerial learning about host markets to reduce LOF while local firms do not have to make as much adjustments in comparison (Petersen and Pedersen 2002). Therefore while many years of having foreign MNCs in China allowed these MNCS to accrue experience from their overseas ventures, the Chinese firms, who although to a large measure were part of the internationalization process, were only at the receiving  end and had not really garnered real managerial experience in operating internationally. When it was down to the actual initiation into international markets such as the US and in this case Europe France, China was confronted by its own set of LOF and was unable to reconcile the divergent national and corporate cultures (Thomsen and Nicolas 2008) between the two countries so it faced difficulties in managing its French employees in TAMP. 5. Solution The general idea one gets from reading related literature about culture in international business is that, differences in culture is a source of misunderstandings and miscommunication that will invariably present itself as a threat to the productivity of business. And the solution would be to understand these differences in culture, to have knowledge of them, so that we can reduce some of these problems (Pilhofer 2011). While it is very useful for us to gain cultural understanding, conventional literature conveys a negative notion in relation to it. It seems to be implying an obligation and necessity to learn about culture to avoid failing the business. Essentially there is nothing fundamentally wrong with this notion but this would only lead to people withdrawing from interaction with other cultures altogether if they fear failure and negative situations (Pilhofer 2011). If I were in charge of the joint venture, I would ensure that the employees gain an appreciation and respect for culture. They need to view cultural learning positively, see it as learning how different others’ cultures are from theirs and use it to adapt accordingly so as to achieve the business objectives (Ferraro 2009). Learn that negative situations such as misunderstandings are inevitable, but even those can be regarded positively in terms of a new experience (Pilhofer 2011). It is not as much the knowledge than what you do with it. To achieve this, management must first introduce this idea of openness to its employees to gradually overcome their innate ethnocentrism (Ferraro 2009). With inculcation and education, over time I believe it will form part of the company’s corporate culture. When work is done in a more positive and respectful atmosphere, performance can be more productive (Ferraro 2009), than in a stressful environment. Going forward, TCL needs to gain more experience in managing people internationally by undertaking more international endeavors. However they cannot enter heedlessly and will need to study the new markets and their cultures and create a plan. Some difficulties would still be faced but they could learn from it. 6. Conclusion The joint venture between Alcatel and TCL failed chiefly due to its existing financial situation. However for the most part, the friction experienced by employees from both companies because of 1. lack of understanding of cultural disparities in work styles and 2. inadequate international experience of TCL’s management had undermined the potential effectiveness of the joint venture, inevitably leading to its failure. Culture is a very elemental factor in International Business today. Business partners face challenges in working with people from other cultures. If there is no knowledge and understanding, firms would not be able to make adjustments accordingly to best achieve their business goals. But cultural knowledge should be learned with a positive motivation rather than attaching negative consequences to it. People need to gain an appreciation and respect for other cultures to be able to work in them effectively. Word count: 2640

Motivation and Organizational Culture Essay

What makes a good manager? What makes an employee motivated? There are different types of leaders and everyone has a place in workplace psychology. What is the role of the managers and employees? In workplace psychology management’s role should be to motivate employees and get the tasks completed. Managers are a key in the workplace; they are role models for the employees. Managers should keep a professional relationship with employees but not be so strict that their employees are scared to ask for help or talk about what they need. The key to being able to talk to managers is a positive for managers and employees. It tells the manager what the employee needs to be motivated and always the manager to know where the employee is. Managers keep some of the pressure of the upper level managers and owners. Motivating employees is a key part of management because it helps get the job done and keep the employees happy. If an employee is not motivated and unhappy with their job then they will not do a good job and their work becomes sloppy, eventually they will quit. In workplace psychology employees have the role of carrying out tasks and helping the company become successful. Employees need a clearly defined task, adequate working environment, motivation, and feedback. I the case of Ayame Nakamura, managers need to talk with her to understand her work style and how she can be motivated to do her best. Each person is different and coming from a non-confrontational culture Ayame needs to work in a non-confrontational environment. Her managers need to give her positive feedback so she knows what she is doing right. Being told what she is doing right and wrong in a positive, non-confrontational way may boost Ayame’s motivation, and she may enjoy work again (Robbins, DeCenzo, & Coulter, 2011). Ayame was brought up to avoid being confrontational and always be polite. Japanese are very strict in their business and are very straight forward. If Ayame’s work environment is hostile then she is more likely to think she is doing a bad job. In most cultures, if someone feels they are doing bad then they will try harder, if they never receive the feedback for doing a good job they lose motivation and eventually just stop trying. Ayame comes from a very straight forward culture and does not understand when someone is not straight forward with her. Ayame’s employer needs to change his approach with Ayame to give her more motivation and understand feedback clearly (Robbins, DeCenzo, & Coulter, 2011). Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard have a model called situational leadership theory. In Hersey-Blanchard theory there are different types of managers; telling managers tell employees when, where, and how to complete tasks. They also have low relationships with their employees. Selling managers provide detailed tasks and have a high relationship with employees. Participating managers give low detail on tasks and have high level of communication with employees. Delegating managers give little direction and have low level relationships with employees. Ayame’s managers could help make her more motivated by taking time to get to know the way she works. If they talk to her and understand where she is at in her hierarchy of needs then they can come up with a reward system to motivate Ayame. Also, understanding that Ayame needs to have a non-confrontational environment this is another thing that can motivate her. It seems that Ayame has telling manager and she needs a selling or participating manager. Giving Ayame a good relationship and communication will help her know what she needs to do. Ayame relies on feedback from her employer and is not getting it in her current situation (Robbins, DeCenzo, & Coulter, 2011). Giving employees what they need and keeping them motivated is the job of the manager. There are many different types of managers and some do not give employees what they need. Managers have responsibility to the company to make it as efficient as possible. Some key things managers should remember is that employees need tasks that are clearly defined, some employees may need more direction then others, and all employees need high level of support. Feedback lets employees know what they are doing well and what they can work on. Having something to work toward keeps an employee motivated. A motivated employee is more likely to be happy on the job and complete tasks efficiently; while, an unhappy employee is more likely to be slower, sloppier, and more likely to quit.

How to Get Job Offers †Not Just Interviews †With Your LinkedIn Profile

How to Get Job Offers – Not Just Interviews – With Your LinkedIn Profile Is Your LinkedIn Profile Getting You Job OFFERS? Last week, I spoke with a technology executive about working with us on his LinkedIn profile and resume. Upon investigation, I discovered that he was getting interviews for positions that interested him- but not job offers. At first glance, it might seem like the problem was his interviewing skills. After all, isn’t the job of the LinkedIn profile and resume to get an interview, and after that it’s up to you? Well, that’s partially true, and it’s certainly possible that this client could use some interview coaching. But a freaky fact of human nature suggests that something else could be at play. It’s called â€Å"impression formation† or â€Å"priming,† and it’s not to be overlooked or taken lightly. Do you think that if you’re getting interviews with your LinkedIn profile and resume you don’t have to worry about whether you need to change them? You might be wrong. A study of students’ perceptions of their professors, and how these perceptions can be formed, is a case in point. Consider these excerpts that illustrate how much our preconceived notions affect our experience of another person: †¦[I]n one of the earliest studies on impression formation, Kelley (1950) found that when students were told a guest lecturer was â€Å"very warm†, the central trait produced more favorable evaluations of the instructor than when students were told the guest lecturer was â€Å"rather cold†. In a more recent replication and extension of Kelley’s experiment, Widmeyer and Loy (1988) had students evaluate a lecture presented by a visiting professor. Prior to the lecture, students received background information about the instructor; some received information suggesting that the visiting professor was warm while others were presented with information that suggested the professor was cold. Analyses revealed that students perceived the visiting professor as a more effective teacher and more pleasant to have for class when he was described as a warm rather than a cold person. †¦Those who read the syllabus written in an unfriendly tone rated the hypothetical adjunct candidate as being colder than those who read the syllabus written in a friendly tone. †¦Those who received the syllabus written in a friendly tone rated the target as being warmer than those who read the syllabus that was written in an unfriendly tone. †¦Those who read the syllabus written in a friendly tone rated the instructor as being more motivated to teach the course. Harnish, Richard J. and K. Robert Bridges, Effect of syllabus tone: students’ perceptions of instructor and course Did you read that?!! Wow. Extrapolating to interviews, if the interviewer has a preconceived notion of the candidate as warm or friendly, it’s more likely he or she will experience the candidate as warm, and even as more motivated, in the interview! Conversely, if the interviewer thinks ahead of time that the candidate will be cold, it’s unlikely that the interview itself will change this impression. Interviewers Make Unconscious Conclusions You might be thinking, â€Å"But these were students being studied. They are young and impressionable! Surely an interviewer, who has more maturity and experience, would not be swayed as much by past judgments.† I’m afraid that’s not the case. In 2008 study, Williams and Bargh staged job interviews with study participants and found that if interviewers drank hot coffee before the interview, they would perceive the candidate as warm. Iced coffee? You guessed it. Cold candidate. Interviewers’ perceptions were also influenced, disturbingly, by the comfort of their seats and the weight of their notetaking folders. There are many conclusions that can be drawn from these studies, from â€Å"Make sure you have a warm hand when you shake hands with your interviewer† to â€Å"Don’t hire candidates based on interviews since your unconscious mind is ruling the decision. Use psychological testing instead.† The conclusion I want to draw, however, is about your LinkedIn profile. And maybe your resume too. Conveying Warmth with Your LinkedIn Profile and Resume You have a huge opportunity in your LinkedIn profile and resume to prime the pump for your job interview. People respond to warmth. So look for ways to appear warm! Show some of your personality in addition to showcasing your accomplishments. Even if you’re not as warm in person as you are in your job marketing collateral, chances are you’ll be seen as warmer than someone who doesn’t communicate warmth in their LinkedIn profile and resume. Here are some examples from profiles written by The Essay Expert. Note that while we generally encourage first person for LinkedIn summaries, warmth can come through in the third person as well. Also note that your photo is a huge way to convey warmth! LeeAnn Dance: My journalism background gave me the ability to distill a large amount of material and hone in on what’s true and important. I can pinpoint the real message that needs to be conveyed, creating a human story that moves and inspires an audience. Ted Schoonmaker: Ted knows that people hire people, not resumes. Companies are not just looking for a set of qualifications that match a job description. To ensure a complete match, Ted extensively interviews both companies and candidates to find out who they are and what they are looking for – as companies and as people. Ted is most fulfilled when helping people to grow professionally. His vision and ability to nurture relationships lead to long-term solutions and success. How warm are you in your LinkedIn profile and resume? Are you priming readers to perceive you the way you want to be seen? If not, consider a rewrite. If you want assistance, please consider our LinkedIn Profile Writing Services and Resume Writing Services. We’ll make sure you look great- and warm- online and on paper. Want to do it yourself? Don’t miss the latest version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. The e-book is fully updated for 2018 and available now!

The Bookstore v. Amazon

The Bookstore v. Amazon There are readers who like bookstores and readers who prefer Amazon. Pitting them against each other is like telling people they ought to like Coca Cola over Pepsi. They have their reasons, and you wont change them. Most of the time. â€Å"If the bookshops are good enough, if the relationship with your customers is truly there, if your booksellers are enjoying themselves and you’ve trained them and you’ve respected them and you’ve allowed them to develop their skills†¦ then our customers truly will remain loyal to us.† ~James Daunt, managing director of Waterstones, at the 2017 Australian Booksellers Association’s annual conference in Melbourne But sometimes bookstore employees forget. Sometimes they let their personal feelings float to the surface, and therein lies a key reason people go to Amazon versus a bookstore . . . to purchase a book of choice in a nonjudgmental atmosphere. They want to  feel the store is benign, much like a doctor who treats anyone, regardless of who they are or what disease they have. Take away that safe feeling , and both a bookstore and a doctor loses credibility . . . and business. I love the blog, The Passive Voice. Recently, PG (the blogger) wrote about a bookstore worker who struggled with store visitors when they asked about or purchased books that the worker did not believe in. PG mentioned in the end that readers prefer a judgment-free zone like Amazon over a meatspace retail with a side of attitude.  thepassivevoice.com/2017/07/a-booksellers-elegy/ I would like to take bookstore consideration one step further. How does a bookstore treat an author? Whether a fledgling indie author or a New York Times best selling author ten times over, the human is still there. And any writer is a rabid reader, with word-of-mouth power. And a small-time local author will tout that small-town indie bookstore much louder than that big-town author who flew in and out. Without a doubt, bookstores prefer best-selling authors for sales. But there are ways of delivering the message when a bookstore can only purchase so many books or house so many signings, and a smart bookstore owner would benefit A lot of this attitude concerning bookstores explains a lot. At a bookstore, we find atmosphere and personality . . . but is it the personality you want? At Amazon, we find the widest selection of books and a market that doesnt judge. Bookstore ownerlove  everyone who comes in the door and respect  their choices. Let them know they are cherished individuals, and youll do anything to make them happy. Theyll love you back, I promise.

Qualitative Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Qualitative Research Proposal - Essay Example This cost doesn’t account the high cost of  £27 billion due to medical expense increased during same time (4). The alarmingly current situation and it’s accelerated pace of growth has gathered massive attention to cure the menace before it gets beyond the control. There has been increased attention toward finding the reasoning behind constantly rising obesity. Exploring this would help in adjusting life style towards healthy lifestyle habits and saving country from menace before it becomes national curse. It would also be helpful, mainly, for mothers to develop healthy dietary habits in children since early age. Obesity is a measure of an excessive or abnormal fat buildup in a human body that may perhaps harm health. Obesity, measured through BMI (Body Mass Index) is a weight equal to or greater than 30; it is 5 BMI level higher than excessive weight level defined as overweight; as World Health Organization (WHO) defines (5). Citing reason of obesity, WHO states that it is an energy imbalance of calories consumed and expended by the body. It further states this imbalance is created for the reason of either excessive intake of high calorie food or less physical activity that leads to less calorie consumption (5). This research will maintain focus on first section of reason cited by WHO and would explore the impact of behavioral, socio-environmental and genetic aspects of an individual that lead to less consumed calorie than expended. Among large number of behavioral factors studied to date, this study will focus on behavioral factors that are specifically related to dietary habits. Behavioral Factors that lead to obesity has been broadly categorized into three domains in the study of 6; that are: first, excessive food taking; second, less physical activity that that leads to less calorie consumption in caparison with intake; third being excessive diet control

Fireworks combine art and science. Discuss the chemistry behind Essay - 1

Fireworks combine art and science. Discuss the chemistry behind firework colors, including the mechanisms of color production - Essay Example 111). The production of basic firework entails one to have four chemical agents essential in the formation of the entire complex reaction. These reagents or requirements include reducing agents, oxidizers, binders, coloring agents and regulators whereby the latter undertakes the role of controlling heat (Ochiai, 2011). Binders in the production of fireworks ensure each reagent is in its place for various chemical reactions to take place as necessitated, hence produce the required color displays. Oxidizers in this reaction serve the purpose of availing the required oxygen essential for the combustion process (Ochiai, 2011). These oxidizing agents include nitrates, chlorates and perchlorates (Ochiai, 2011). However, their extent of releasing respective oxygen atoms varies greatly during the entire and complex reaction process. Key oxidation reactions resulting from these processes include, Upon the release of O2 in the atmosphere, it encounters with S and C, which act as reducing agents producing their respective gaseous oxides as well as heat. Produced heat in this case increases explosive power of the entire combustion process. Color production during fireworks comprises of two mechanisms, which are Incandescence and Luminescence (Helmenstine, n.d). In the initial mechanism, it refers to a light produced by heat changing into varied colors based on different temperatures that increase with heating. Successive colors produced by this light include infrared, red, orange, yellow and finally white though under effective regulation one can attain his or her distinct color (Helmenstine, n.d). In addition, one can utilize selected metal elements to increase the brightness of a firework, for instance AL, Ti and Mg commonly known to burn brightly at high temperatures (Helmenstine, n.d). Conversely, Luminescence refers to a light produced by external sources mostly

(business information system) DIRECT LINE reviews and system Essay

(business information system) DIRECT LINE reviews and system aquisition - Essay Example Beal’s (the IT director for the company) strategy the company focuses on building software systems in house rather than outsourcing the development. Therefore, according to his vision the company can do much better by developing products in house. It enables them to get a better understanding of the work domain and the exact requirements of the product. Similarly, in house development will also help in reducing non functional errors, as most of the performance related metrics would be known prior to the coding phase. On the other hand, recently the company has diverted from its long followed strategy of custom made in house products to buying vendor made products. Hence, the company has started to consider outsourcing as an option for the system development and acquisitions. The outsourcing of software products is proven from the fact that Mr. Beal purchased CRM software named Chordiant from a US supplier. Hence, the two system acquisition techniques by Direct Line are classified as in house development and outsourcing. Both have their pros and cons, their importance can only be justified when both the techniques are applied to a business problem. Sometimes it may seem feasible to adopt in house development while in others outsourcing might prove to be more efficient. There are numerous reasons for employing the in house development approach for software systems. These include efficient use of the programming and IT staff. By ensuring that products are developed in house the IT staff is not episodically involved rather they are involved throughout the development process and later in the support process. Other reasons include a better understanding of the problem domain and the associated work areas. Therefore, by developing systems in house the IT department can solve the problem more efficiently. Another benefit from in house development to the company is that the development is incremental and it can be easily integrated with the existing

The Study of Proteome

The Study of Proteome The breakthrough in the study of genomics has created a great impact for biological research. For instance, the complete genome sequencing accomplished for various model organisms such as bacteria, yeast and drosophila has been a key to understanding the diversity and functions in living system (Liebler, 2002). However, the gene products, proteins are playing crucial complex functions in sustaining the living system. Therefore, in order to acquire a clearer picture about the function of the living cells at molecular level, it is important to study the entire set of protein expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism throughout the cell cycle as known as proteome (Monti et al., 2005). This study of proteome is termed proteomics which is mainly focus on the identification of proteins, determination of the interaction between various proteins as a part of a larger network and outlining the 3D structures of proteins (Liu Hsu, 2004). According to Liebler (2002), the applications of proteomics comprised of mining, protein-expression profiling, protein-network mapping and mapping of protein modifications. These four principals then bring about the branches of proteomics which are the sequence and structural proteomics, expression proteomics, interaction proteomics as well as functional proteomics. i. Sequence and structural proteomics Structural proteomics is generally aimed at efficiently convert the gene sequence into 3D structural information which will then being used to facilitate the prediction of protein folding and functions afterward (Yee et al., 2002). 3D structure prediction and determination of proteins on a genome-wide scale are managed to provide substantial information in understanding the structure-function relationships of the particular proteins (Liu Hsu, 2004). The approaches commonly employed for this area of study are NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In a study done by Yee et al. (2002), structural proteomics of small proteins based on data of 513 proteins from five microorganisms is done by using NMR spectroscopy. Small proteins are more acquiescent for structure analysis primarily due to its solubility as protein aggregation appeared to be a limitation for structural proteomics (Yee et al., 2002). NMR evaluation of proteins is performed after ran through a series of cloning, expression and purification processes. The chosen targets for NMR screening by Yee et al. (2002) were single chain polypeptides with not more than 23 kDa molecular mass. PCR was involved to amplify the targets from genomic DNA. Subsequent cloning of the target proteins into vectors was then carried out. Batch Ni2+ affinity chromatography was done for the extraction of cells (Yee et al., 2002). Varian INOVA 500- or 600-MHz spectrometer was used to attain all the 1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra and the NMRPIPE software package was utilized to processed the data (Yee et al., 2002). The HSQC spectrum is to provide a diagnostic fingerprint of a protein. Twelve of the proteins were considered to be suitable for structure determination and have their 3D structures successfully analysed which were conserved without functional annotation (Yee et al., 2002). Among them, eight out of twelve were the members of uncharacterized cluster of orthologous groups (COG) or protein superfamilies. In order to know whether a 3D structure can be predicted, the sequences were submitted to SwissModeler to be analysed based on sequence similarity. ii. Expression proteomics Human Protein Atlas (HPA) launched by Swedish researchers in 2003 is a comprehensive effort in mapping the proteins expressed in the body’s tissue and cells according to the genes documented by Human Genome Project (Marx, 2014). HPA principally looked at the spatial distribution and protein-expression patterns of human proteins as well as comparing the protein expression between cancerous and normal tissues. The expression proteomics is a focus for proteome study which targets on measurement of the up- and down-regulation of protein levels as well to explore the protein expression patterns in abnormal cells for biomedical application (Monti et al., 2005). Approaches like mass spectrometry, 2D-gel electrophoresis and protein arrays are used in expression proteomics. Mazzanti et al. (2006) as done an investigation upon the differential expression proteomics of human colon cancer to look at the operative pathway of early stages of human colon cancer and to compare with normal colon tissue. In this case, they were using 2D-gel electrophoresis to observe the differences in protein expression at various differentiation levels. After the tissues were properly collected and homogenized, Western Blot analysis was carried out to evaluate the expression levels of the proteins and followed by 2D-GE. The differences in intensity of each spot and the normalized spot volume were calculated and statistically analysed. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectroscopy analysis of tryptic peptides was performed to detect the differentially expressed samples processed by 2D-GE (Mazzanti et al., 2006). Lastly, a search through NCBI non-redundant databases and SWISSPROT was completed to identify the proteins. As a result, several proteins were found differentially expressed in colon cancer and normal tissue. Mazzanti et al. (2006) have obtained 11 and 15 proteins from healthy and cancerous tissues which were categorized according to the pathway they involved respectively. In addition, they also claimed that cancer tissues preferably utilize glycolysis due to selective repression of ÃŽ ²-subunit ATPase expression and limited substrate availability to mitochondria (Mazzanti et al., 2006). iii. Interaction proteomics Interaction proteomics emphasis on the elucidation of protein-protein interaction to which the multitude functions of proteins in association with individual components of proteome and the formation of multimeric complexes (Và ¶lkel et al., 2010). Frequently utilized approaches for interaction proteomics are like mass spectrometry (MS), affinity captured combined with mass spectrometry and yeast 2-hybrid techniques. Và ¶lkel et al. (2010) mentioned that characterize protein complexes from bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells and some multicellular organisms can be done by using tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry (TAP-MS). TAP is functioned based on the dual purification of protein assemblies by sequential utilization of two affinity tags spaced by a TEV (tobacco etch virus) protease cleavage site (Và ¶lkel et al., 2010). TEV is a sequence-specific protease that cleaves a recognition site of seven-amino-acid (Glu-X-X-Tyr-X-Gln/Ser) which is rarely found in mammalian proteins (Berggà ¥rd et al., 2007; Và ¶lkel et al., 2010). This epitope-tagging purification strategy further improves the sample purification prior to protein identification by MS. In the first purification step, the TAP-tag protein is bound to specific column like immobilized Ig (Berggà ¥rd et al., 2007; Và ¶lkel et al., 2010). Retrieval of TAP-tag protein is done by adding TEV-proteinase. The protein complex is then immobilized by CBP (calmodium-binding peptide) of TAP tag to a second column, the calmodulin-coated beads in the second affinity step. This calcium-dependent CBP-calmodium interaction enables the elution of final protein complex for MS protein identification by means of calcium chelation (Và ¶lkel et al., 2010). The TAP purification of protein complex is independent of the availability of specific antibodies. It is used to accomplish large-scale protein interaction mapping of lower organisms and decode the smaller interactomes and signalling pathway in mammals (Và ¶lkel et al., 2010). However, this technique may not be able to identify low stoichiometric complexes, transient interactions or under-represented interactions occurred specifically in some physiological states of cells growing exponentially (Và ¶lkel et al., 2010). iv. Functional proteomics The objectives of functional proteomics are to characterize the biological function of unknown proteins, multiprotein complexes and descript the cellular mechanisms as well as signalling pathway at molecular level (Monti et al., 2005). Henning and Ilag (2003) stated that the protein functions assessment could be done based on the individual cell types and interaction of protein partners. Functional proteomics implement the concept that functional inactivation within the physiological environment of a targeted protein can be used to determine its function (Henning Ilag, 2003). Tools that are typically employed in functional proteomics include 2D-gel electrophoresis, MS, MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) MS and affinity-based procedure. The affinity-based procedure is worked on the idea that a suitable tag of the expressed target protein can be used as a bait to fish out its partners from a cellular extract (Monti et al., 2005). Brookes et al. (2002) utilized a high-throughput two-dimensional blue-native electrophoresis in the study of functional proteomics for mitochondria and signalling pathway. As mitochondrial membrane proteins exhibit hydrophobic properties, precipitation is occurred in standard 2D gels during the first dimension isoelectric focusing. Thus, the 2D blue-native gel electrophoresis is used resolve this problem. The first dimension of 2D blue native gel electrophoresis involved the solubilization the membrane protein complexes into its native form. This is followed by the second dimension utilizing the sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page) with its gel staining performed by employing a mixture of Coomassie blue G-250 and R-250. SDS-page is worked on denaturing the protein complexes and enables them to resolve into their component subunits (Brookes et al., 2002). A partial mitochondrial proteome map was then assembled by using MALDI-TOF MS coupled with tryptic peptide fingerprinting. This 2D blue native gel electrophoresis is found suitable for proteomic analysis of mitochondria proteins in which it could separate large amount of mitochondria proteins and large proportion of respiratory chain complexes as presented as the spots on the gel can be readily identified according to their position (Brookes et al., 2002). The functional associations between different respiratory complexes in mitochondria like cytochrome C, respiratory complexes III and IV can be interpreted from the gels. From this study, Brookes et al. (2002) suggested that the respiratory complexes are able to assemble into sub-complexes with limited functionality regardless of the presence of mtDNA encoded subunits.